Introduction PAM4 is a four-level signal modulation technology, used for data transmission. Its high efficiency makes it widely used in optical fiber communication. With the increasing demands of data transmission, The technique will continue to play a vital role in the future. Thus, this article will provide an accessible introduction

In today’s rapid development of computer network technology, hubs, and switches play an indispensable role as two common network devices. Although they are both tasked with connecting multiple network devices and enabling data transfer, hubs and switches differ significantly in several ways. This article will delve into the differences between

Introduction In modern computer networks, a switch is one of the most important network devices, which is responsible for efficiently forwarding data packets between different devices to ensure the stability and efficiency of the network. The main function of the switch is to transmit data at Layer 2 (data link

DNS vs. DHCP serve different purposes in networking—DNS translates domain names to IP addresses, while DHCP assigns IP addresses dynamically. Discover which is better suited for your needs. Overview The basic definition of DNS (Domain Name System). DNS (Domain Name System) is a distributed database system used to resolve domain

1. Introduction In the digital area, the Internet is the foundation of global life and economy, and all networked devices need a unique IP (Internet Protocol) address, as their “identity card” to communicate. IPv4 is an earlier version of IP address while IPv6 is the latest version. In short, IP address

Introduction BGP is an crucial routing protocol in worldwide Internet, responsible for routing information transmission between autonomous systems (ASs). The protocol, playing a vital role in networks, ensures the stability and reliability of global communications. Concepts of BGP BGP, namely, Border Gateway Protocol, whose latest version is BGP4. As a