Introduction PAM4 is a four-level signal modulation technology, used for data transmission. Its high efficiency makes it widely used in

In today’s rapid development of computer network technology, hubs, and switches play an indispensable role as two common network devices.

Introduction In modern computer networks, a switch is one of the most important network devices, which is responsible for efficiently

DNS vs. DHCP serve different purposes in networking—DNS translates domain names to IP addresses, while DHCP assigns IP addresses dynamically.

1. Introduction In the digital area, the Internet is the foundation of global life and economy, and all networked devices need

Introduction BGP is an crucial routing protocol in worldwide Internet, responsible for routing information transmission between autonomous systems (ASs). The